Effective condition monitoring can be a key aspect of achieving efficient energy use in rotating plant and equipment. Here we look at thrust monitoring solutions offered by Sensonics in critical pump applications
One of the challenges facing plant instrumentation engineers today is the effective and reliable monitoring of thrust bearing wear in critical pump applications. Typically pumps of this type are in continuous use and operational downtime is normally only permitted during planned outages.
Predicting the wear and hence requirement to replace the thrust pads is essential to fit in with this regime. With rotational speeds between 3000 and 7000rpm, protection against potential pump damage is also key — excessive thrust wear can not only damage the bearing assembly but also the impeller, resulting in the plant potentially being out of action for six months or more.
A high-pressure boiler feed pump set will operate with pressurised fluid within the thrust bearing: permissible total wear on the thrust pad from new is typically between 0.75 and 1.25mm before inspection or replacement is required. Older BFP designs utilise a hydrodynamic (water) lubrication system driven from the impeller action. Tilting pad thrust bearings, common for the newer BFP designs, utilise a high-pressurised hydraulic oil supply to minimise friction and this is particularly effective at start up or slow rotating speeds, where the hydrodynamic effect which establishes itself at rated speed is not present.
Thrust pad wear indication can provide valuable feedback on how well the lubrication technique is working. Measurement of excessive wear could be due to inadequate oil pressure or flow around the assembly; a worn balance device can produce uneven forces on the bearing with the same result. Wear rates in combination with vibration measurements can provide a good guide to BEP (best efficiency point) performance of the pump.
In addition, thrust monitoring is a key protection measure to ensure automatic shutdown in the event of safe operating limits being exceeded. A recent example is a 350MW turbine set and pump, where a Sensonics thrust monitoring system enabled safe shutdown of the BFP preventing bearing damage and a long outage period for the turbine set. While it is fairly straightforward to monitor the end of the drive shaft for changes in pad thickness, the measurement is complicated by the following factors: 1 - shaft and casing expansion, 2 - float in overall assembly, and 3 - measurement target shape and size.
So the challenge is a measurement range for the shaft position that covers the mechanical expansion float, yet still provides accurate thrust wear indication. The Sensonics range of eddy current proximity probes are proven in such applications. The 8mm tip PRS04, with a half sensitivity arrangement offers a 4mm (4mV/um) range: if a greater range is required, an 8mm range probe (20mm diameter) is recommended.
Dual systems for integrity
Special bracketry is usually required to achieve correct probe positioning and adjustment: dual redundant systems are common to ensure continued measurement integrity in the event of a probe failure. Mounted axially to the shaft, the ideal location is facing the shaft end — drilling and tapping the cover plate is common. If this is not possible, or the target area is insufficient (must be 2x probe diameter), a shaft collar can be utilised or added between the thrust and shaft end bearing. This has the advantage of being located closer to the thrust bearing and therefore reducing the amount of measurement error due to expansion and other shaft effects. Both probe types are available in a straight or disk format to suit either a direct or collar mounting arrangement.
Sensonics proximity probes comply with the API 670 standard and are available in a set range of tuned cable lengths. The probe is utilised in conjunction with a driver/lineariser to provide a voltage output proportional to gap and to complement the probe system, a thrust monitor and protection unit is required to process the measured signal. Sensonics offers a range of thrust monitors to suit various applications.
Mains-powered, the Sensonics ME9601 single-channel thrust monitor offers fully adjustable dual-level alarms with local alarm and measurement indication, a field-adjustable thrust range with zeroing function, and a transducer integrity alarm. There are voltage and current recorder outputs, plus fully-configurable alarm relays, and the unit can be mounted locally to the machine and supplied with gland fittings.
In addition to thrust it is also usual to monitor vibration, temperature and speed on such plant. Sensonics offers a wide range of multi-channel monitoring and protection equipment, including a SIL-3 Overspeed trip system.
